In the pursuit of a low-carbon future, hydrogen (H₂) is emerging as a crucial player, especially when it comes to energy storage. However, not all hydrogen production methods are created equal. A recent study Delft University in the Netherlands delves into the efficiency and carbon intensity of different hydrogen supply chains, with a focus on those that include underground storage.
The findings are enlightening: the study reveals that the efficiency of hydrogen production and storage can vary significantly depending on the method used. Some processes are much more efficient in terms of energy use (exergy efficiency), meaning they require less energy to produce and store hydrogen. This is crucial because lower energy use directly translates into lower carbon emissions.
Moreover, the study highlights the importance of considering the entire supply chain when evaluating hydrogen’s environmental impact. For instance, underground hydrogen storage, while beneficial for balancing supply and demand, can sometimes increase the overall carbon footprint if not managed correctly.
By choosing the most efficient production methods and optimising storage options, the hydrogen industry can drastically reduce its carbon emissions. This research underscores the need for careful planning and innovation in hydrogen supply chains, making hydrogen not just a clean fuel, but a truly sustainable one.
One of the most exciting findings is the potential for reducing the carbon intensity of hydrogen production and storage by optimising these processes. By integrating CCS and choosing the most efficient storage methods, the hydrogen industry can significantly lower its carbon footprint, making hydrogen a more viable and sustainable option for the future.
Underground hydrogen storage (UHS) was also evaluated, showing an efficiency range between 72% and 92%. This means that while UHS is a promising method for large-scale hydrogen storage, careful management of the storage process is crucial to minimise energy loss and prevent emissions.
In addition to the findings on hydrogen production and storage efficiency, the study also sheds light on several other critical aspects that impact the carbon footprint of hydrogen supply chains:
- Carbon Intensity of Energy Sources: The study points out that the carbon intensity of the electricity used in hydrogen production significantly affects the overall carbon emissions. For instance, hydrogen produced using renewable energy sources like wind or solar has a much lower carbon footprint compared to hydrogen produced using fossil fuels. This highlights the importance of integrating renewable energy into hydrogen production to maximise environmental benefits.
- Geological Considerations for Storage: The research also explores how the geological characteristics of underground storage sites can influence hydrogen storage efficiency and safety. Certain geological formations may be more suitable for long-term storage, minimising leakage risks and maintaining the purity of the stored hydrogen. This is critical for ensuring that stored hydrogen can be efficiently used when needed without incurring additional energy or environmental costs.
- Supply Chain Integration: The study emphasises the need for a well-integrated supply chain that considers the entire lifecycle of hydrogen—from production to storage to final utilisation. Optimising each step in the supply chain can lead to significant reductions in both energy consumption and carbon emissions, making the hydrogen economy more sustainable and cost-effective.
- Policy Implications: Finally, the study suggests that policymakers need to consider these varied factors when designing regulations and incentives for hydrogen production and storage. By promoting the most efficient and low-carbon technologies, governments can help accelerate the transition to a greener energy system.
These findings reinforce the potential of hydrogen as a key component in the fight against climate change, while also highlighting the complexities involved in making hydrogen truly sustainable. By addressing these challenges, the hydrogen industry can contribute meaningfully to reducing global carbon emissions.
This work is a step forward in understanding how to best utilise hydrogen in the global effort to reduce carbon emissions. As we transition to greener energy, these insights will be invaluable in shaping a sustainable hydrogen economy.
Source
Exergetic efficiency and CO2 intensity of hydrogen supply chain including underground storage, Energy Conversion and Management: X, 2024-10
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